Method of manufacturing a fluid pressure reduction device

ABSTRACT

A method of custom manufacturing a fluid pressure reduction device for use in a process control valve. The method includes creating the fluid pressure reduction device using an additive manufacturing technique, which generally includes forming a body and forming a plurality of flow paths in the body. The body has an inner wall and an outer wall spaced radially outward of the inner wall. The flow paths are formed in the body between the inner wall and the outer wall of the body. Each of the flow paths includes an inlet section formed in one of the inner and outer walls, a curved intermediate section, and an outlet section formed in the other of the inner and outer walls.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/887,659, filed Feb. 2, 2018, which claims the prioritybenefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 62/511,181, filed May 25, 2017.The entire disclosure of each of these applications is herebyincorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure generally relates to fluid pressure reductiondevices, and, more particularly, to a method of manufacturing a devicethat more effectively and efficiently reduces fluid pressure in aprocess control system.

BACKGROUND

In process control systems, such as distributed or scalable processcontrol systems commonly found in chemical, petroleum, power generation,or other industrial processes, it is often necessary to reduce thepressure of a fluid. However, pressure reduction typically leads toincreased levels of unwanted noise and/or vibration, as discussed in theBackground section of U.S. Pat. No. 6,935,370 (“the '370 patent”). Thus,process control systems often employ flow restriction devices that aimto reduce fluid pressure in a manner that does not lead to increasedlevels of noise and/or vibration. Such flow restriction devices mayinclude, for example, flow control valves, fluid regulators, valvecages, diffusers, silencers.

The '370 patent illustrates several different examples of fluid pressurerestriction devices each taking the form of a plurality of stacked disksthat, when employed in a fluid flow control valve, reduce the pressureof a fluid flowing therethrough. One example, illustrated in FIG. 5 ofthe '370 patent, features a plurality of stacked annular disks 100rotated relative to one another to create flow paths 62 that eachprovide multi-stage pressure reduction. Each disk 60 of the stack 100has a laser cut profile defining a horizontal, spiral flow path 62 thatextends from an inlet section 68, through an intermediate section 70formed of a series of flat leg portions and including restrictions 74,76, and to an outlet section 72 having a larger cross-sectional areathan the inlet section 68. Another example, illustrated in FIG. 8 of the'370 patent, features an annular disk 130 that defines intersectingfluid flow paths 136, 138 so that fluid flowing therein collides,thereby releasing energy and reducing fluid pressure.

SUMMARY

In accordance with a first exemplary aspect of the present invention, afluid pressure reduction device is provided for use in a fluid flowcontrol device. The fluid pressure reduction device includes a unitarybody, a plurality of first flow paths, and a plurality of second flowpaths. The unitary body has an inner wall and an outer wall spacedradially outward of the inner wall. The first flow paths are definedbetween the inner wall and the outer wall of the body. Each of the firstflow paths includes an inlet section, an outlet section, and a curvedintermediate section between the inlet and outlet sections, wherein theinlet section of each of the first flow paths is oriented along a firstinlet axis. The second flow paths are defined between the inner wall andthe outer wall of the body. Each of the second flow paths includes aninlet section, an outlet section, and a curved intermediate sectionbetween the inlet and outlet sections, wherein the inlet section of eachof the second flow paths is oriented along a second inlet axis that isparallel to but spaced from the first inlet axis.

In accordance with a second exemplary aspect of the present invention, afluid pressure reduction device is provided for use in a fluid flowcontrol device. The fluid pressure reduction device includes a unitarybody, a plurality of first flow paths, and a plurality of second flowpaths. The unitary body includes a central opening and a substantiallycylindrical perimeter surrounding the central opening, the centralopening defining a central longitudinal axis, and the perimeter havingan inner wall and an outer wall spaced radially outward of the innerwall. The first flow paths are defined between the inner wall and theouter wall of the body. Each of the first flow paths includes an inletsection, an outlet section, and a curved intermediate section betweenthe inlet and outlet sections, wherein the inlet section of each of thefirst flow paths is oriented along a first inlet axis that isperpendicular to the central longitudinal axis. The second flow pathsare defined between the inner wall and the outer wall of the body. Eachof the second flow paths includes an inlet section, an outlet section,and a curved intermediate section between the inlet and outlet sections,wherein the inlet section of each of the second flow paths is orientedalong a second inlet axis that is parallel to but spaced from the firstinlet axis.

In accordance with a third exemplary aspect of the present invention, amethod of custom manufacturing a fluid pressure reduction device for usein a process control valve. The method includes creating the fluidpressure reduction device using an additive manufacturing technique,which generally includes forming a body and forming a plurality of flowpaths in the body. The body has an inner wall and an outer wall spacedradially outward of the inner wall. The flow paths are formed in thebody between the inner wall and the outer wall of the body. Each of theflow paths includes an inlet section formed in one of the inner andouter walls, a curved intermediate section, and an outlet section formedin the other of the inner and outer walls.

In further accordance with any one or more of the foregoing first,second, and third exemplary aspects, a fluid pressure reduction deviceand/or a method of manufacturing a fluid pressure reduction device mayinclude any one or more of the following further preferred forms.

In one preferred form, the inlet sections of the first flow paths andthe inlet sections of the second flow paths are formed in the innerwall, and the outlet sections of the first flow paths and the outletsections of the second flow paths are formed in the outer wall.

In another preferred form, the unitary body includes a central openingand a substantially cylindrical perimeter surrounding the centralopening, the central opening defining a central longitudinal axis of theunitary body, and the first and second axes are perpendicular to thecentral longitudinal axis.

In another preferred form, the plurality of second flow paths arerotated about a central longitudinal axis relative to the plurality offirst flow paths, such that the plurality of second flow paths areoffset from the plurality of first flow paths.

In another preferred form, for each of the first and second flow paths,the inlet section has a cross-sectional area that is smaller than across-sectional area of a respective outlet section associated with theinlet section.

In another preferred form, the curved intermediate section of each ofthe first and second flow paths includes a pair of loops each includinga component that is parallel to a central longitudinal axis of theunitary body.

In another preferred form, the outlet section of each of the first flowpaths is oriented along a first outlet axis that is parallel to butspaced from the first inlet axis of a respective inlet section.

In another preferred form, adjacent flow paths of the plurality of firstand second flow paths share a common inlet and a common outlet.

In another preferred form, the curved intermediate section of each ofthe first and second flow paths includes a gradual, semi-circular shapethat does not include any abrupt directional changes.

In another preferred form, each of the first flow paths intersects withone or more adjacent first flow paths, and each of the second flow pathsintersects with one or more adjacent second flow paths.

In another preferred form, the additive manufacturing technique includes3D printing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features of this invention which are believed to be novel are setforth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention may bebest understood by reference to the following description taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like referencenumerals identify like elements in the several FIGS., in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one example of a process or methodaccording to the teachings of the present disclosure for manufacturing afluid pressure reduction device;

FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a first example of a fluid pressurereduction device manufactured according to the process of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of the fluid pressure reduction deviceof FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2C illustrates two rows of flow paths as viewed from an innerdiameter of the fluid pressure reduction device of FIG. 2A when theremaining components of the fluid pressure reduction device are removed.

FIG. 2D illustrates six rows of flow paths as viewed from an outerdiameter of the fluid pressure reduction device of FIG. 2A when theremaining components of the fluid pressure reduction device are removed;

FIG. 2E illustrates one flow path of the fluid pressure reduction deviceof FIG. 2A;

FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a second example of a fluid pressurereduction device manufactured according to the process of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view of the fluid pressure reduction deviceof FIG. 3A;

FIG. 3C illustrates a plurality of flow paths of the fluid pressurereduction device of FIG. 3A when the remaining components of the fluidpressure reduction device are removed; and

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a third example of a fluid pressurereduction device manufactured according to the process of FIG. 1 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure is generally directed to a method ofmanufacturing a device that more efficiently and effectively reducesfluid pressure than conventional fluid pressure reduction devices (e.g.,the stacked disks 100 described above) and, at the same time, is easierand less costly to manufacture than such conventional fluid pressurereduction devices. The method described herein utilizes cutting edgemanufacturing techniques, e.g., additive manufacturing, to facilitatecustom manufacturing of a fluid pressure reduction device such that anynumber of different, and complex, flow paths can be developed andincorporated into a unitary or single body, depending upon the givenapplication.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example of a method or process 100 accordingto the teachings of the present invention. The method or process 100schematically depicted in FIG. 1 is a method or process of custommanufacturing a fluid pressure reduction device such as a valve trimcomponent. Like the conventional fluid pressure reduction devicesdescribed above (e.g., the stack of disks 100), fluid pressure reductiondevices manufactured according to the method or process 100 areconfigured to reduce the pressure of the fluid flowing therethrough,but, as described above, are more effective and efficient at doing soand, at the same time, easier and less costly to manufacture.

More specifically, the method 100 includes the act 104 of creating acustomized fluid pressure reduction device, using an additivemanufacturing technique, based on the given application. The additivemanufacturing technique may be any additive manufacturing technique orprocess that builds three-dimensional objects by adding successivelayers of material on a material. The additive manufacturing techniquemay be performed by any suitable machine or combination of machines. Theadditive manufacturing technique may typically involve or use acomputer, three-dimensional modeling software (e.g., Computer AidedDesign, or CAD, software), machine equipment, and layering material.Once a CAD model is produced, the machine equipment may read in datafrom the CAD file and layer or add successive layers of liquid, powder,sheet material (for example) in a layer-upon-layer fashion to fabricatea three-dimensional object. The additive manufacturing technique mayinclude any of several techniques or processes, such as, for example, astereolithography (“SLA”) process, a fused deposition modeling (“FDM”)process, multi-jet modeling (“MJM”) process, a selective laser sintering(“SLS”) process, an electronic beam additive manufacturing process, andan arc welding additive manufacturing process. In some embodiments, theadditive manufacturing process may include a directed energy laserdeposition process. Such a directed energy laser deposition process maybe performed by a multi-axis computer-numerically-controlled (“CNC”)lathe with directed energy laser deposition capabilities.

The act 104 of creating the customized fluid pressure reduction deviceincludes forming a unitary or single body (act 108) and forming aplurality of flow paths in the unitary or single body (act 112). Theunitary body can be made of one or more suitable materials, such as, forexample, stainless steel, aluminum, various alloys, and, by virtue ofbeing customizable, can be any number of different shapes and/or sizes.As an example, the unitary body may take the form of a hollow cylinderdefined by an inner wall and an outer wall spaced radially outward ofthe inner wall. The flow paths formed in the body are generallyconfigured to reduce the pressure of a fluid flowing therethrough. Asdiscussed above, the usage of additive manufacturing techniques tocustom manufacture the fluid pressure reduction device allows the flowpaths to be formed based upon the desired application. In other words,the flow paths are customizable based upon the desired application. Byvirtue of being customizable, the flow paths can be unique and complex,have any number of different lengths, have any number of different sizesand/or shapes in cross-section, and/or be arranged in any number ofdifferent patterns. As a result, one or more of the flow paths may beformed to intersect with one or more other flow paths, one or more ofthe flow paths may be formed to include or define multiple differentpressure stages (e.g., a first pressure stage and a second pressurestage where pressure is less than the pressure in the first pressurestage), one or more of the flow paths may be non-horizontal (i.e.,include vertical components, such that the flow path is not solelyhorizontal), one or more of the flow paths can vary in shape and/or sizeas the fluid passes therethrough, one or more of the flow paths can varyfrom one or more other flow paths, the length(s) of one or more flowpaths can be maximized, the flow paths can be staggered or offset fromone another (either horizontally or vertically) throughout the unitarybody, or combinations thereof.

It will be appreciated that the act 104 (and the acts 108, 112) can beperformed any number of different times. The act 104 can, for example,be performed multiple times so as to create multiple fluid pressurereduction devices for use in a single process control valve, with eachfluid pressure reduction device created for a specific application. Theact 104 can, alternatively or additionally, be performed multiple timesso as to create fluid pressure reduction devices for use in multiplesimilar or different process control valves.

FIGS. 2A-2E illustrate a first example of a fluid pressure reductiondevice 200 custom manufactured using the method or process 100. Thefluid pressure reduction device 200 in this example takes the form of avalve cage that can be utilized in a process control valve. The fluidpressure reduction device 200 has a single or unitary body 204 and aplurality of flow paths 208 formed or defined in the unitary body 204.The flow paths 208 are formed in the unitary body 204 in a manner thatmaximizes their length, thereby maximizing (or at least enhancing) thepressure reduction capabilities of the device 200.

The body 204 has a central opening 212 and a substantially cylindricalperimeter 216 surrounding the central opening 212. The central opening212 extends along a central longitudinal axis 218 and is sized toreceive a valve plug (not shown) that is movably disposed therein tocontrol fluid flow through the process control valve. The substantiallycylindrical perimeter 216 is defined by an inner wall 220 and an outerwall 224 that is spaced radially outward of the inner wall 220.

As best illustrated in FIG. 2B, the flow paths 208 are formed in aportion of the substantially cylindrical perimeter 216. The degree towhich the flow paths 208 span the perimeter 216 will generally depend onthe travel extent of the valve plug disposed in the fluid pressurereduction device 200. In this example, the flow paths 208 span onlyapproximately 50% of the perimeter 216, with the flow paths 208 formedonly between a bottom end 228 of the perimeter 216 and a portion of theperimeter 216 that is approximately halfway between the bottom end 228and a top end 232 of the perimeter 216. In other examples, flow pathscan be added or removed such that the flow paths 208 can span more orless of the perimeter 216, respectively. As an example, additional rowsof flow paths 208 can be added such that the flow paths 208 span theentire perimeter 216 (i.e., can be formed between the bottom end 228 andthe top end 232).

As best illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2D, the flow paths 208 arecircumferentially arranged around the central opening 212. The flowpaths 208 are arranged in a plurality of rows 234 within the body 204,with alternating rows 234 of flow paths 208 staggered or offset from oneanother. Thus, as an example, flow paths 208A in row 234A are staggeredor offset from flow paths 208B in row 234B, which is adjacent to row234A. Staggering the flow paths 208 in this manner helps to achieve abalanced fluid flow throughout the fluid pressure reduction device 200,though it is not necessary that the flow paths 208 be staggered in thismanner (or at all).

As illustrated, each of the flow paths 208 has a substantially circularshape in cross-section and includes an inlet section 236, an outletsection 240, and a curved intermediate section 244 extending between theinlet and outlet sections 236, 240. The inlet section 236 is formed inand proximate the inner wall 220 (and, thus, proximate the centralopening 212), and is oriented along a first axis (e.g., axis 248) thatis substantially perpendicular (e.g., perpendicular) to the longitudinalaxis 218. The outlet section 240 is formed in and proximate the outerwall 224. The intermediate section 244 in this example takes the form oftwo identical spiral loops 250 that each connect the inlet section 236to the outlet section 240 (and vice-versa). As best illustrated in FIGS.2B and 2E, each loop 250 extends outward and upward from the inletsection 236 before extending inward and upward to the outlet section240, such that the outlet section 240 is radially aligned with butlocated upward of the inlet section 236 (i.e., the outlet section 240 iscloser to the top end 232 than the inlet section 236). Put another way,the outlet section 240 is oriented along a second axis (e.g., axis 252)that is substantially perpendicular (e.g., perpendicular) to thelongitudinal axis 218 and parallel to but vertically above the firstaxis (e.g., the axis 248). In this manner, the loops 250 serve toincrease (and maximize) the length of each of the flow paths 208. Asalso illustrated in FIGS. 2B and 2E, each loop 250 has a cross-sectionalflow area that increases (e.g., gradually increases) as the loop 250travels from the inlet section 236 to the outlet section 240. Thus, theoutlet section 240 has a cross-sectional area that is greater than across-sectional area of the inlet section 236. In this example, thecross-sectional area of the outlet section 240 is approximately 3 timesthe cross-sectional area of the inlet section 236.

In other examples, the inlet section 236 can be formed in and proximatethe outer wall 224 (instead of the inner wall 220), and the outletsection 240 can be formed in and proximate the inner wall 220 (insteadof the outer wall 224), such that fluid flows in the opposite directionthrough the fluid pressure reduction device 200. Moreover, in otherexamples, the loops 250 can extend differently than the loops 250illustrated in FIGS. 2B-2E. As an example, the loops 250 can extenddownward to the outlet section 240, such that the outlet section 240 islocated below the inlet section 236 (and the second axis 252 is locatedbelow the first axis 248). Alternatively or additionally, thecross-sectional areas of the inlet and outlet sections 236, 240,respectively, can vary. In some cases, the ratio of the cross-sectionalarea of the outlet section 240 to the cross-sectional area of the inletsection 236 can vary from the 3:1 ratio described herein. As an example,the ratio can be 4:1, 2:1, or some other value. In other cases, thecross-sectional area of the inlet section 236 can be equal to thecross-sectional area of the outlet section 240.

In any case, when configured as described above, each of the flow paths208 defines multiple stages of pressure reduction. More particularly,each of the flow paths 208 defines three stages of pressure reduction,with the first pressure stage defined by the inlet section 236, thesecond pressure stage defined by the intermediate section 244 (i.e., theloops 250), and the third pressure stage defined by the end of theintermediate section 244 and the outlet section 240. When the device 200is in operation (in a valve body of a process control valve), and thevalve plug is moved to a partially open position (exposing some of theinlet sections 236) or a fully open position (exposing all of the inletsections 236), fluid having a first fluid pressure flows into theexposed inlet sections 236 of the flow paths 208 via the central opening212. The fluid will then flow into the intermediate section 244 of eachflow path 208. The intermediate section 244 distributes the fluid intothe two loops 250, such that the fluid is divided or separated andtravels around the loops 250. As this happens, the loops 250 force theflow to drag across or along an outer profile thereof while the fluidtravels upward to the outlet section 240, such that gravity acts on thefluid, thereby reducing the velocity of the fluid, reducing the kineticenergy of the fluid, and, in turn, reducing the pressure of the fluid toa second fluid pressure that is less than the first fluid pressure. Asthe loops 250 converge toward the common outlet section 240, therebyrejoining the separated fluid, fluid that has passed through one of theloops 250 will collide with fluid that has through the other loop 250 ofeach flow path 208. The fluid collisions dissipate energy in the fluid,effecting a further reduction in the pressure of the fluid, i.e.,reducing the pressure of the fluid to a third fluid pressure that isless than the second fluid pressure.

FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate a second example of a fluid pressure reductiondevice 300 custom manufactured using the method or process 100. Thefluid pressure reduction device 300 in this example also takes the formof a valve cage that can be utilized in a process control valve. Likethe pressure reduction device 200, the fluid pressure reduction device300 has a single or unitary body 304 and a plurality of flow paths 308formed or defined in the unitary body 304 in a manner that maximizestheir length, thereby maximizing (or at least enhancing) the pressurecapabilities of the device 300.

The single or unitary body 304 is substantially identical to the singleor unitary body 204 discussed above, with common reference numerals usedto refer to common components. The plurality of flow paths 308 are, likethe flow paths 208, divided into rows that are staggered or offsetrelative to one another (e.g., row 334A of flow paths 308 is offset fromrow 334B of flow paths 308), but the flow paths 308 differ from theplurality of flow paths 208 in the manner discussed below.

Unlike the pressure reduction device 200, the fluid pressure reductiondevice 300 includes common inlet sections 312 and common outlet sections316 for associated (e.g., adjacent) flow paths 308. Each inlet section312 serves as the common inlet section for two associated (e.g.,adjacent) flow paths 308, while each outlet section 316 serves as thecommon outlet section for the same two associated (e.g., adjacent) flowpaths 308. As an example, inlet section 312A serves as the common inletsection for flow paths 308A, 308B, which are adjacent one another, whileoutlet section 316A serves as the common outlet section for the flowpaths 308A, 308B.

Each flow path 308 then includes an intermediate section 320 thatextends between one of the common inlet sections 312 and one of thecommon outlet sections 316. As illustrated, the intermediate section 320of each flow path 308 has a gradual, semi-circular shape that does notinclude any abrupt directional changes (which, as is known in the art,tend to cause flow unbalance, reduce passage efficiency, and, in somecases, flashing and cavitation). As also illustrated, the intermediatesection 320 of each flow path 308 has a first portion that is connectedto and extends radially outwardly from the respective inlet section 312and a second portion that is directly connected to the first portion andextends radially outwardly toward and is connected to the respectiveoutlet section 316. For example, the intermediate section 320 of flowpath 308A has a first portion 321A that is connected to and extendsradially outwardly from the inlet section 312A and a second portion 321B that is directly connected to the first portion and extends radiallyoutwardly toward and is connected to the outlet section 316A.

So configured, each flow path 308 has a gradual curved flow path thatintersects with one or more adjacent flow paths 308, such that fluidflowing through one flow path 308 collides with fluid flowing throughone or more adjacent flow paths 308, thereby dissipating energy in thefluid and reducing fluid pressure. In this example, each flow path 308intersects with one adjacent flow path 308 on two occasions—once whenthe flow transitions from the inlet section 312 to the intermediatesection 320, and again when the flow transitions from the intermediatesection 320. For example, fluid flowing via flow path 308B willintersect with fluid flowing via flow path 308C as the fluid in each offlow paths 308B, 308C transitions from the respective inlet section 312to the respective intermediate section 320, and again as the fluid ineach of flow paths 308B, 308C transitions from the respectiveintermediate section 320 to the respective outlet section 316. In otherexamples, however, each flow path 308 can intersect with additional ordifferent flow paths 308, can intersect with one or more flow paths 308only once or more than two times, and/or can intersect with one or moreflow paths 308 at different locations in the body 304.

FIG. 4 illustrates a third example of a fluid pressure reduction device400 custom manufactured using the method or process 100. The fluidpressure reduction device 400 in this example also takes the form of avalve cage that can be utilized in a process control valve. Like thepressure reduction device 200, the fluid pressure reduction device 400has a single or unitary body 404 and a plurality of flow paths 408formed or defined in the unitary body 404.

The single or unitary body 404 is substantially identical to the singleor unitary body 204 discussed above, with common reference numerals usedto refer to common components. The plurality of flow paths 408, however,differ from the plurality of flow paths 208 in that (1) inlet sections412 of the flow paths 408 decrease in length as the flow paths 408 moveaway from the bottom end 228 of the body 404 and toward the top end 232of the body 404, (2) outlet sections 416 of the flow paths 408 increasein length as the flow paths 408 move away from the bottom end 228 of thebody 404 and toward the top end 232 of the body 404, and (3) theorientation of the outlet sections 416 relative to the longitudinal axis218 changes (in this case, the angle therebetween decreases) as the flowpaths 408 move away from the bottom end 228 of the body 404 and towardthe top end 232 of the body 404. As a result, an inlet section 412A willhave a smaller travel range than an inlet section 4128 that is closer tothe bottom end 232, and an outlet section 416A (e.g., associated withthe inlet section 412A) will have a greater travel range than an outletsection 4168 that is closer to the bottom end 228.

It will be appreciated that when fluid flows through the flow paths 408,the flow paths 408 reduce the pressure of the fluid in a similar manneras the flow paths 208 described above. However, in some cases, becausethe flow paths 408 utilize more of the profile of the device 400 thanthe flow paths 208 (utilize of the profile of the device 200), andbecause the flow paths 408 have a greater vertical component than theflow paths 208, the device 400 may actually be more effective inreducing the pressure of the fluid than the device 200. Andbeneficially, despite the fact that the outlet sections 416 are morespread out than the outlet sections 240 (to help achieve the pressurereduction), the device 400 does not require the use of a larger actuator(i.e., an actuator with a longer travel stroke), because the positioningof the inlet sections 412 is consistent with the positioning of theoutlet sections 236.

Preferred aspects of this invention are described herein, including thebest mode or modes known to the inventors for carrying out theinvention. Although numerous examples are shown and described herein,those of skill in the art will readily understand that details of thevarious aspects need not be mutually exclusive. Instead, those of skillin the art upon reading the teachings herein should be able to combineone or more features of one aspect with one or more features of theremaining aspects. Further, it also should be understood that theillustrated aspects are exemplary only, and should not be taken aslimiting the scope of the invention. All methods described herein can beperformed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein orotherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and allexamples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, isintended merely to better illuminate the aspect or aspects of theinvention, and do not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention.No language in the specification should be construed as indicating anynon-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A fluid pressure reduction device for usein a fluid flow control device, the fluid pressure reduction devicecomprising: a unitary body having an inner wall and an outer wall spacedradially outward of the inner wall; a plurality of first flow pathsdefined between the inner wall and the outer wall of the body, each ofthe first flow paths comprising an inlet section, an outlet section, anda curved intermediate section between the inlet and outlet sections,wherein the inlet section of each of the first flow paths is orientedalong a respective first inlet axis, and wherein the first inlet axesare arranged along a first plane; and a plurality of second flow pathsdefined between the inner wall and the outer wall of the body, each ofthe second flow paths comprising an inlet section, an outlet section,and a curved intermediate section between the inlet and outlet sections,wherein the inlet section of each of the second flow paths is orientedalong a respective second inlet axis, and wherein the second inlet axesare arranged along a second plane that is parallel to but spaced fromthe first plane, wherein each flow path of the plurality of first flowpaths shares a common inlet and a common outlet with one adjacent firstflow path, wherein each flow path of the plurality of second flow pathsshares a common inlet and a common outlet with one adjacent second flowpath, wherein the curved intermediate section of each of the first flowpaths extends radially outwardly from the respective inlet section alongthe first plane, wherein the curved intermediate section of each of thefirst and second flow paths has a semi-circular shape, wherein betweenthe common inlet and the common outlet, each of the first flow pathsintersects with another adjacent first flow path two different times,and wherein between the common inlet and the common outlet, each of thesecond flow paths intersects with another adjacent second flow path twodifferent times.
 2. The fluid pressure reduction device of claim 1,wherein the inlet sections of the first flow paths and the inletsections of the second flow paths are formed in the inner wall, andwherein the outlet sections of the first flow paths and the outletsections of the second flow paths are formed in the outer wall.
 3. Thefluid pressure reduction device of claim 1, wherein the unitary bodycomprises a central opening and a cylindrical perimeter surrounding thecentral opening, the central opening defining a central longitudinalaxis of the unitary body, and wherein the first and second inlet axesare perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis.
 4. The fluidpressure reduction device of claim 3, wherein the plurality of secondflow paths are rotated about the central longitudinal axis relative tothe plurality of first flow paths, such that the plurality of secondflow paths are offset from the plurality of first flow paths.
 5. Thefluid pressure reduction device of claim 1, wherein for each of thefirst and second flow paths, the inlet section has a cross-sectionalarea that is smaller than a cross-sectional area of a respective outletsection associated with the inlet section.
 6. The fluid pressurereduction device of claim 1, wherein the curved intermediate section ofeach of the first and second flow paths comprises a first portion thatis connected to and extends radially outwardly from the respective inletsection, and a second portion that is directly connected to the firstportion and extends radially outwardly toward and is connected to therespective outlet section.
 7. A fluid pressure reduction device for usein a fluid flow control device, the fluid pressure reduction devicecomprising: a unitary body comprising a central opening and acylindrical perimeter surrounding the central opening, the centralopening defining a central longitudinal axis, and the cylindricalperimeter having an inner wall and an outer wall spaced radially outwardof the inner wall; a plurality of first flow paths defined between theinner wall and the outer wall of the body, each of the first flow pathscomprising an inlet section, an outlet section, and a curvedintermediate section between the inlet and outlet sections, wherein theinlet section of each of the first flow paths is oriented along arespective first inlet axis that is perpendicular to the centrallongitudinal axis, and wherein the first inlet axes are arranged along afirst plane; and a plurality of second flow paths defined between theinner wall and the outer wall of the body, each of the second flow pathscomprising an inlet section, an outlet section, and a curvedintermediate section between the inlet and outlet sections, wherein theinlet section of each of the second flow paths is oriented along arespective second inlet axis, and wherein the second inlet axes arearranged along a second plane that is parallel to but spaced from thefirst plane, wherein each flow path of the plurality of first flow pathsshares a common inlet and a common outlet with one adjacent first flowpath, wherein each flow path of the plurality of second flow pathsshares a common inlet and a common outlet with one adjacent second flowpath, wherein the curved intermediate section of each of the first flowpaths comprises a first portion that is connected to and extendsradially outwardly from the respective inlet section, and a secondportion that is directly connected to the first portion and extendsradially outwardly toward and is connected to the respective outletsection, wherein the first and second portions of the curvedintermediate section of each of the first flow paths extend radiallyoutwardly along the first plane, wherein the curved intermediate sectionof each of the first and second flow paths has a semi-circular shape,wherein between the common inlet and the common outlet, each of thefirst flow paths intersects with another adjacent first flow path twodifferent times, and wherein between the common inlet and the commonoutlet, each of the second flow paths intersects with another adjacentsecond flow path two different times.
 8. The fluid pressure reductiondevice of claim 7, wherein the plurality of second flow paths arerotated about the central longitudinal axis relative to the plurality offirst flow paths, such that the plurality of second flow paths areoffset from the plurality of first flow paths.
 9. The fluid pressurereduction device of claim 7, wherein for each of the first and secondflow paths, the inlet section has a cross-sectional area that is smallerthan a cross-sectional area of a respective outlet section associatedwith the inlet section.
 10. The fluid pressure reduction device of claim7, wherein the curved intermediate section of each of the first flowpaths consists of the first portion and the second portion.
 11. A methodof manufacturing, comprising: creating a unitary fluid pressurereduction device using an additive manufacturing technique, the creatingcomprising: forming a body having an inner wall and an outer wall spacedradially outward of the inner wall; forming a plurality of first flowpaths in the body between the inner wall and the outer wall of the body,each of the first flow paths comprising an inlet section formed in theinner wall and oriented along a respective first inlet axis, an outletsection formed in the outer wall, and a curved intermediate sectionbetween the inlet and outlet sections, wherein the first inlet axes arearranged along a first plane; and forming a plurality of second flowpaths in the body between the inner wall and the outer wall of the body,each of the second flow paths comprising an inlet section formed in theinner wall and oriented along a respective second inlet axis, an outletsection formed in the outer wall, and a curved intermediate sectionbetween the inlet and outlet sections, wherein the second inlet axes arearranged along a second plane, wherein each flow path of the pluralityof first flow paths shares a common inlet and a common outlet with oneadjacent first flow path, wherein each flow path of the plurality ofsecond flow paths shares a common inlet and a common outlet with oneadjacent second flow path, wherein the curved intermediate section ofeach of the flow paths extends radially outwardly from the respectiveinlet section along the first plane, wherein the curved intermediatesection of each of the first and second flow paths has a semi-circularshape, wherein between the common inlet and the common outlet, each ofthe first flow paths intersects with another adjacent first flow pathtwo different times, and wherein between the common inlet and the commonoutlet, each of the second flow paths intersects with another adjacentsecond flow path two different times.
 12. The method of claim 11,wherein the additive manufacturing technique comprises 3D printing. 13.The method of claim 11, wherein the curved intermediate section of eachof the plurality of flow paths has a first portion that is connected toand extends radially outwardly from the respective inlet section, and asecond portion that is directly connected to the first portion andextends radially outwardly toward and is connected to the respectiveoutlet section.